Archive for November, 2009

MUM- Day 4

Attend VA D& T Meeting today.

Interesting to see how the different health disciplines interact in group setting.

It’s even more interesting to see how one protocol can have 3+ more perspective depending on what kind of background you come from.

For example, the nurses would discuss about the protocol’s implementation. This includes resources for education, time in training, etc.

 

Finished almost of the 3 projects that were assigned to on 2 days ago. Jane had a revision of it. Disappoint to hear that it was not to her standards……I had proofread everything a few times, but things just seem to leak in between the cracks (ex. how deleting one column displaces everything in the table)…..so frustrating….

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MUM- Day 2

Karen and I met with Jane Day today. We were assigned 3 projects.1. Updating SBAR for use of oseltamivir for the treatment of influenza based on a new article to be added2.  Response to Feedback from Local P&T re: Conversion Guidelines to Fentanyl Transdermal Patch3. Canadian- approved indications and dosages for PPIs (very similar to what they have for the FDA table) For project 1:

 CDC Information & Recommendations

 

Emerging resistance patterns of influenza strains:

 

A/H1N1 seasonal: 

In Canada in 2007/2008, 26% of A/H1N1 isolates were found to be resistant to oseltamivir and all but one virus was found to be sensitive to amantadine. This year up to March 19 2009, in Canada all H1N1 isolates were found to be resistant to oseltamivir. All of the oseltamivir resistant H1N1 isolates were found to be sensitive to amantadine. (6)

 

A/H1N1 Human Swine Flu: 

This novel influenza virus is sensitive to zanamivir and oseltamivir but resistant to amantadine. (6)

 

A/H3N2: 

This year, up to March 19 2009, in Canada, all H3N2 were found to be sensitive to oseltamivir. Amantadine is no longer recommended to the treatment or prevention of A/H3N2 due to high rates of amantadine resistance; the CDC found that in 2007/2008 100% of H3N2 isolates tested were resistant to amantadine. (6)

 

B:This year up to March 19 2009, in Canada, all influenza B isolates that were tested by the NML were found to be sensitive to oseltamivir. Amantadine is not considered active towards this virus. (6)

B) Safety of oseltamivir

 

Oseltamivir is in patients with a known allergy to any component of the product. (1)

 

The most frequently reported adverse events reported with oseltamivir use are nausea and vomiting. The effects are transient and generally occur with first dosing. Other adverse events include abdominal pain and headache. (1) The 2006 Cochrane review found oseltamivir to have an odds ratio of 1.79 (95% CI 1.1 to 2.93) to induce nausea when used for prophylaxis and was not found to be associated with any adverse event in a treatment role. (3)

 

In March 2007, new safety information was presented by Health Canada, with reports of abnormal or suicidal behaviour in Japanese children and teenagers. No such reports have been reported in Canada to date. (10)

 

C) Summary of Clinical Effectiveness

 Canadian and U.S. regulation bodies recommend the use of oseltamivir for treatment of influenza in cases of influenza A/H1N1 (novel human swine strain only), A/H3N2 or B viruses and as part of a combination therapy as an alternative to zanamivir for the treatment of influenza A/H1N1 (local seasonal strain). It reduces duration of symptoms associated with influenza and allows a speedier return to regular daily activities. Additionally, it prevents complications of influenza such as bronchitis and pneumonia, which is beneficial in our hospitalized population, and is generally well tolerated. Treatment with oseltamivir as early as possible after the appearance of symptoms confers greater and incremental benefits in duration and severity of illness.    

 

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MUM- Day 1

We started the day off with a regional P & T meeting at the Regional Office. It was interesting to see and hear some of the things that happen during these meetings. Angela , our preceptor, also spent some time giving us a general overview about the rotation.

Later on that day, we started on a discussion about the reason behind having a formulary and the advantages/ disadvantages of a regionalized formulary.

For examples, having a formulary can:

– limit cost in stocking the medication and other administration work
– enhancing economy of scale by bargaining for one drug versus a little of each
– enhance medication safety by having greater drug familiarity by each practitionner
– concentrate resources on the safety/efficacy of a limited selection of drugs (i.e. developing PDTM)

Advantages of regionalized formulary:

– sharing of drugs between the hospital when there is a shortage
– economy of scale when bargaining
– having Tessa as the main communication personnelle ( one person to report to)

Disadvantages of regionalized formulary:

– need for standardization that may not meet everyone’s needs (ie. standardizing to one ACEI that not prescribers are used to in the different sites)

It was interesting to hear about the new provincial formulary. I think that this is a big step in terms of easing the transition for the patients from hospital to hospital and from hospital to community and vic versa. This will definitely enhance patient safety in the future and may potentially enhance the hospital’s buying power and lower drug cost.

In the afternoon, we had a meeting regarding the management of the flu season from the pharmacy perspective. Tailing right after this meeting, we attended a coordinator’s meeting. We learned about the difficult that the hospital faces every year in approaching the flu season. For example, which department is in charge of declaring a flu outbreak.

We ended off the day with some research into one of our new projects for the MUM rotation. The project was about the interchangeability of the different lactobacillus strains.

Current projects:

1. Art in the Pharmacy- (1) Awaiting donations from pharmacy staff (2) start collage of vial caps (3) collage of family members bulletin board???

2. Trimentoring with CSHP- pending…….This is a project that I’m still working out in my head. At the moment, CSHP has a mentorship program that includes a pharmacy student + practicing hospital pharmacist. My proposal is integrate a new practionner pharmacist into the mentorship program. The idea is to have a trimentoring program. Successes in this type of mentorship program has been shown many faculties throughout UBC, such as arts, sciences, engineers,etc. Existing programs can be found simply by googling “trimentoring.” I believe that the transition from student to pharmacist can be a challenging experience. By including a new practionner (such as residents) into the mentorship program, they share their experiences with the younger student and also gain some insight in what they can potentially do for themselves from the senior pharmacist. Currently, not all hospital residency programs have a pre-established formal process for mentorship. There is potentially a niche here that can be filled.

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Toxicology- Day 5

Last day of toxicology today! Overall, I found the rotation to be quite interesting. Debra was very friendly and personable.  I found that the calls that were received at the poison control line varies quite a bit. Having more life-experiences really helps in answering calls. It is also very important to stay calm when approach a caller who is in a panic. This isn’t always easy.

DPIC will be coming out with a new website soon–> it will be more user friendly

I look forward to using the Poison Drug Manual in the electronic format! yay!

I enjoyed our talk about illict drugs today. It was quite interesting.

Illicit Drugs FMI:

  • “Chasing the dragon”: users looking for a high–> taking more and more drugs and waiting for a high; inhale heroin from a broken lightbulb or on tin foil
  • GHB does not work for body building, but it does help with sleep, which may help them in exercising better the next day
  • k-hole: high ketamine dose; low dose help with weaning off estatasy( help with sleep); feeling of being extracted from the body(like looking from inside a hole)
  • salvia: duration is 30 min, feeling of enlightenment
  • “Green dragon” : cannibilis extracted by alcohol , the stronger the alcohol, the better
  • viagra at clubs: thrill pill, use in comb with other drugs –> counteract other drugs to allow for erection; young men may grow dependent if used consistently
  • crack is cheaper than powder; vinegar helps dissolve cocaine for inj, but irritating to vein and may cause abscess
  • withdrawal SE of cocaine: formocation: hallucination that there are silvery looking bugs coming out of skin

FMI:

– 200mg/kg is threshold for overdose in ibuprofen

– the average adult’s lung has the surface area of a tennis court

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Toxicology- Day 3

Case discussion with Debra today. We started off the day with a discussion about acetaminophen toxicity. Here is a breakdown from the discussion for FMI:

-MOA of acetaminophen is related to NAPQI increase and there is also suggestion that it may be related to acetaminophen’s direct mitochondria effects

When the patient is first presented:

1. Get baseline levels: electrolytes, acetaminophen ( 4 hr post ingestion), vita, LFTs, etc

2. supportive care.

3. charochoal–> limited becase antidote is so useful

4. Antidote: 8-10 hour time frame, N-acetylcsteine smeslls bad, usually given IV; URTICARIA effects if infused to quickly; start if pt has really severe toxicity or wait for 4 hr level; acetaminophen level is useless safter N-acetylcystein is started; stop infusion if bronchospam or hypotension; duration: at least 21 hours according to protocol and reassessing levels before end of infusion ( aim for AST below 1000 for a few days, INR between 1.2-1.5; good to give antidote even after 21 hours because it may prevent worsening of sx or decrease in time to resolution

5. follow-up; monitor

– nomogram goes to 21 hours

OTHER DRUG OVERDOSES:

IRON

  • X ray will show number of iron tablets (useful especially in children)

TCA

  • most concern about CV and CNS toxicity
  • impt to keep pt alive especially for first 6 hours
  • serum levels are not helpful
  • ECG is VERY helpful

VENLAFAXINE

  • ECG are helpful
  • charcoal is helpful
  • most concern about : CV and CNS toxicity (different from TCA because not CNS depressing)

CCB

  • verapamil is no longer cardioselective in overdose
  • sx: hypotension, bradycardia
  • GI decontamination: charcoal–> post 2 hour ingestion or whole bowel irrigation(however, worry that CCB will decrease GI motility)
  • most CNS toxicity is from decrease bp and bradycardia, but no direct effects
  • tx: atropine (increase hr), fluids (increase bp), calcium chloride, dopamine ( increase vascular tone), insulin 1 unit/kg/hr with D5 ( allow glucose into cell, allow calcium flow into cell, CCB cause pancreas not to release insulin)

SALICYLATE

  • anion gap acidosis: MUDPILESCAT

A MUDPILE CAT:
Alcohol
Methanol
Uremia
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Paraldehyde
Iron/ Isoniazid
Lactic acidosis
Ethylene glycol
Carbamazepine
Aspirin
Toluene

  • don’t just look at pH, look at pCO2
  • in alkaline environment ( give bicarb)–> salicylate is ionized and can’t get out ; therefore, this protects the brain from salicylate
  • when pH decreases–> weak acid shifts and increase salicylate in brain
  • bicarb enhance urine elimination of salicylate
  • hemodialysis is effective
  • CNS symptoms–> brain needs glucose; therefore, give glucose
  • pH arterial: test for metabolic acidosis
  • pH urine: test for alkalosis ( elimination in urine)

ALCOHOL

  • radiator anti-freeze: enthylene glycol–> excreted renally
  • causes renal failure and metabolic acidosis
  • osmolal gap : osmolality–> screen for methanol, ethylene glycol: measure unmetabolized ethylene glycol

OG = measured serum osmolality − calculated osmolarity

Calculated osmolarity = 2 Na + Glucose + Urea ( all in mmol/L).

or

Calculated osmolarity = 2 Na + 2 K + Glucose + Urea ( all in mmol/L)

  • anion gap: measure metabolite
  • tx: ethanol: block alcohol dehydrogenase
  • hemodialysis is useful: especiall for pt with renal failure
  • respiratory acidosis is common in asthma /COPD pt ( breathing slowly?)

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Toxicology- Day 2

very useful Toxicology resources:

– Poisondex

– Poison Management Manual (PMM) 5th Ed

– the clinical Baiss of medical Toxicology

– Haddad and Winchester’s clinical Management of Poisoning and drug overdose

FMI:

  • digoxin levels post digibind adminstration is not useful ; it would show total digoxin level, regardless if it’s active or not
  • black widows like to live in cold weather
  • NSAID are good for minor spider bites

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Toxicology- Day 1

We started off the am with a round of introductions followed by a presentation by Debra. One of the 1st things to look for when we encounter a patient with overdose is: is the patient sick or not?

Personal objectives:

  • learn how to approach a frighten/ confused caller in a calm manner
  • know how to assess whether a situation can be handled by a regular pharmacist and when it would be best to defer to toxicology specialist
  • understand general trends in toxicology that the call center usually receives throughout the year

FMI:

  • ABCDDD ( airway, breathing, circulation, dextrose?, drugs (antidotes), decontamination, supportive care)
  • Stepwise Approach ( stabilization, history, diagnosis, GI decontamination, enhanced elimination, antidotes, disposition)
  • flumazenil is rarely used, unless BDZs is the known cause
  • octreotide can be used to prevent rebound hypoglycemia; often used as an antidote for sulfonlyurea
  • urine tox screen may not affect management; problems with false positive or false negative
  • QRS prolongation can be the result of sodium conduction delay or sodium channel block ; can be caused by cocaine, TCA and may be treated with sodium bicarb??
  • QTs prolgonation can be caused by many types of drugs; find the caus

Toxidromes (sx associated specific drug overdose)

  • opioid ( decrease LOC, decrease respirations, miosis)
  • cholinergic ( salivation, lacrimation, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, miosis – SLUDGE)
  • Anticholingeric( increase HR, increase BP, delirium, mydriasis, decrease BS, dry, flushed skin)

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Project- Day 2

after 12+ hours of chart review today, I can now feel my left eye twitching. Need more coffee crisp/kit kat bars from Halloween….

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Distribution- Day 19

Today is the last day of our distribution rotation. It has gone by pretty quickly. Jeremy did an one-on-one oral exam with Haley and I this morning. It was a good assessment of what we’ve learned so far. I got stuck in one question about who regulates and manages toxic spills a. I think that I started and ended the oral assessment in a disorganized manner. In the future, I would like to be able to divided up my answers into subsections and answer in a systematic process. At the moment, I try to answer questions by what I think of off the tope of my head.

This makes it harder to go more in depth into each of the individual answers. I guess I must continue to work on my communication skills and my oral presentation method.

New residency objective: to become a good speaker

Distribution objectives were fulfilled. Many of the objectives and goals were achieved during this rotation in separate segments. Ultimately, I was able to dispense and process an order from start till finish.

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Distribution- Day 18

This morning, we spent some time tackling two new incident reports and entering new predefined orders for the pharmacy staff.

Art Committee meeting at the pharmacy conference room next week! Yay! I am looking forward to what kind of artwork that we will be doing for the pharmacy. Maybe we can post some of the artwork ( photography, paintings,etc) by the staff…..although, because we don’t have a budget, we may not be able to frame everything.

I wouldn’t mind doing a massiver mural. All we would need is a few buckets of General Paint enviro-guard industrial paint.

Haley and I conducted the safety huddle yesterday for the dispensary staff. We went over some of the recent incident reports and our suggestions for improvement.

Procedure Log reflection:

I performed the different processes associated with the preparing and dispensing of medication throughout this rotation. (i.e. order & entry, verifying, preparation,etc) This experience helps in giving me a thorough understanding behind how a medication gets from wardstock , all the way to the patient’s bedside. The associated processes are quite detail. In the future, I will be able to explain to nurses on the ward about what why it takes pharmacy more than 30 minutes to send them their medications.

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